Rural South Africa

Foreign-born participant representation may limit generalisability, though TB diagnosis status did not differ significantly by birthplace. TB disproportionately affects socioeconomically disadvantaged people in this rural South African context. The study setting was the Agincourt subdistrict of Mpumalanga province in rural South Africa. The area has a high burden of TB-HIV co-infection, non-communicable diseases including depression, and chronic socioeconomic disadvantage.