Sham Stimulation
The sham intervention matches active TEAS timing by beginning 30 minutes before surgery and continuing throughout the operation. The sham condition uses visible stimulator connections to support similarity with active treatment. Sham stimu…
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The sham intervention matches active TEAS timing by beginning 30 minutes before surgery and continuing throughout the operation. The sham condition uses visible stimulator connections to support similarity with active treatment. Sham stimulation provides brief initial sensory stimulation for 5 to 10 seconds before reducing output to 0 mA. The control group receives electrode placement at non-meridian, non-acupoint sites.