Significant Emotional and Interpersonal Difficulties

Eligibility required primary caregivers to score at least 3 on the Structured Assessment of Personality-Abbreviated Scale. Parents with these difficulties may face barriers to support including stigma, fear of child removal, low confidence, trauma histories, and limited trust in services. Diagnostic labels were avoided because they can stigmatise parents, deter help-seeking, and raise ethical concerns in parenting-support contexts. The trial used a non-diagnostic community recruitment model for parents with significant emotional and interpersonal difficulties.