Sociodemographic Factors

Maternal education showed a positive dose-response relationship with ANC completion. Patients with a spouse were more likely to be active participants. Urban residence was the strongest sociodemographic predictor: pregnant women in urban areas were 6.25 times more likely to follow optimal dietary practices than their rural counterparts. Urban employee medical insurance was associated with a greater likelihood of active participation. Women from households with fewer than five members were 3.48 times more likely to practise optimal dietary behaviours than those in larger households. Formal education increased the odds of optimal dietary practice approximately 2.74-fold compared to having no formal education. A monthly income at or above 5,000 Ethiopian Birr (approximately US$90) increased the odds of optimal dietary practice 2.56-fold. Women in business, private service, or government service had higher odds of completing four or more ANC visits than women who were farmers. Women in the wealthiest quintile were more likely to attend at least four ANC visits than women in the poorest quintile. Women at least 145 cm tall had higher odds of completing four or more ANC visits than wome…