Spanish Welfare Context

The male breadwinner model historically reinforced women's role as nurturers in Spain. Increasingly complex care has shifted toward informal care systems in Spain. Spain's welfare and caregiving context makes older female caregivers particularly vulnerable to health deterioration. Spain is described as a southern European welfare state characterized by familism. The study concludes that interventions should prioritize older female caregivers while recognizing vulnerability among all very old high-intensity informal caregivers.