Subcellular pathologies

The article uses a 2019 Ronald Kahn study to argue that glucose and fructose have different mitochondrial effects. The disease model rests on eight subcellular pathologies treated as deeper causes beneath chronic disease diagnoses. Liver and gut failures are said to converge on glycation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, membrane instability, inflammation, methylation abnormalities, and impaired autophagy. Glycation is described as glucose or fructose attaching to proteins and impairing protein flexibility and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is central to the article’s explanation of chronic metabolic disease. Insulin resistance is treated as tissue-specific rather than a single uniform event.