Surgical Collaboratives

Descriptive collaborative studies did not establish causal effects but showed how reporting infrastructure can support quality improvement. The Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative used hospital champions and quarterly meetings to review data and improvement initiatives. Ontario Surgical Quality Improvement Network hospitals received support and tools to build quality improvement programmes. The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database was designed as a prospective outcomes registry for morbidity, mortality, and patient-reported outcomes.