Surveillance and Early Warning Systems

GIS-based spatial mapping improved detection speed and epidemic response in Puerto Rico and Mexico. China's iIDSAW system combined epidemiological, meteorological, and mobility data to provide real-time alerts. Digital infrastructure gaps, data delays, and cybersecurity concerns limit real-time transmission monitoring in Africa and parts of Latin America. AI-driven surveillance is described as a defining feature of advanced dengue management programmes. Machine learning models such as ARIMA, LSTM, and XGBoost were widely used for dengue outbreak prediction.