Targeted Risk Processes

HOPE targets blocked goal-directed processing and helplessness through values-based behavioural activation. STEER teaches cognitive reappraisal to increase coping strategies and reduce affective reactivity and experiential avoidance. RAISE uses CBT principles to teach thought challenging, reduce cognitive biases and unhelpful thinking styles, and increase self-compassion. Rumination is presented as intensifying negative emotion and increasing vulnerability to self-harm as experiential avoidance. Poor emotion regulation self-efficacy is identified as a proximal vulnerability factor for SITBs, especially NSSI. Self-criticism is linked to SITB onset, maintenance, and increased suicide risk.