TENS

Both acupuncture and TENS groups maintained physical activity and reduced pain intensity and pain-related concern in the original trial. TENS is presented as a useful adjunct that may work better when combined with other treatments than when used alone. TENS did not differ significantly from acupuncture in long-term postpartum outcomes. TENS intensity is individualized by first identifying sensory detection and then setting a pain-relieving level during exercise. TENS is the most studied electrotherapy modality for neck pain. TENS stimulates peripheral nerves by delivering electrical current through the skin. TENS devices work by delivering electrical impulses to peripheral nerve fibers, both altering the pain signal traveling to the brain and stimulating production of the body's own endogenous opioids. The analgesic effect of TENS is explained through gate control theory and endorphin release. In the trial, TENS is delivered with a portable cervical pain management device. TENS devices are contraindicated in patients with implanted cardiac devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators because electrical stimulation can interfere with device function. The primary adverse effect of…