Trial Procedures
Timing of cannulation begins at needle insertion and ends when the first arterial blood pressure waveform appears on the monitor. Cannulation is ultrasound-guided, performed by a senior attending physician, and uses a standardized insertio…
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Timing of cannulation begins at needle insertion and ends when the first arterial blood pressure waveform appears on the monitor. Cannulation is ultrasound-guided, performed by a senior attending physician, and uses a standardized insertion method. Before arterial cannulation is completed, patients receive routine ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry monitoring. Postoperative assessments occur on days 1, 2, and 3 after catheter removal to evaluate cannulation-site complications. Square wave testing is performed every 30 minutes after successful cannulation to document catheter function and damping status.