Vaccination Coverage

Rubella vaccination showed the strongest negative correlation with under-5 mortality (r=−0.79) and a similarly strong association with infant mortality (r=−0.78). Vaccination coverage was the most consistent protective factor for under-5 and infant mortality across Asia. Posterior fixed-effect estimates placed rubella vaccination as the second strongest protective predictor for under-5 mortality (beta=−4.19) after electricity access. The highest coverage was seen for tetanus, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b, poliomyelitis, and pertussis, reaching up to 89.0% among children born in 2018. Vaccination coverage varied substantially among German federal states. Neonatal mortality had weaker correlations with all vaccines; the strongest neonatal covariate correlation was rotavirus vaccination at r=−0.25. By age 30 months, 38.9% of children were fully vaccinated, 52.4% incompletely vaccinated, and 8.8% unvaccinated. Lower apparent vaccination coverage before 2008 is attributed more to incomplete coding than to necessarily lower uptake. After standardised national vaccination codes were introduced in 2008, coverage was about 80% for many vaccines. New vaccine recommendations tem…