Women’s Empowerment

High empowerment in attitude toward violence and social independence was associated with higher odds of quality antenatal care in partially adjusted models. Women’s empowerment was measured using three SWPER Global Index domains: attitude toward violence, social independence, and decision-making. No SWPER empowerment domain remained statistically significant in the fully adjusted model. The study suggests empowerment influences quality antenatal care indirectly through timely initiation and sustained attendance.